Stadium design and development guide – Ben Vickery (KTE0001)

Nội dung tài liệu: Hướng dẫn thiết kế và phát triển kiến trúc sân vận động (Stadium design and development guide)

1 The stadium as a building type 1

1.1 A venue for watching sport 1

1.2 History 3

1.3 Current requirements 16

2 The future 21

2.1 The importance of the stadium 21

2.2 Economics 21

2.3 Technology 23

2.4 Ergonomics and the environment 25

2.5 What future for the stadium? 26

3 Masterplanning 29

3.1 The need for a masterplan 29

3.2 Orientation 31

3.3 Zoning 32

3.4 Overlay 34

3.5 Security against terrorism 35

3.6 Conclusion 35

4 External planning 37

4.1 Location 37

4.2 Transportation 41

4.3 Provision of parking 42

4.4 Stadium landscaping 47

5 Form and structure 49

5.1 The stadium as architecture 49

5.2 Structure and form 50

5.3 Materials 55

5.4 The playing surface 59

5.5 Foundations 59

5.6 Seating tiers 60

5.7 Concourses, stairs and ramps 60

5.8 Roof 61

6 Security and anti-terrorism measures 75

6.1 Introduction 75

6.2 The threats from terrorism 75

6.3 Authorities 76

6.4 Implications for management

and operation 76

6.5 Responses by the design team 76

6.6 Conclusion 78

7 Activity area 79

7.1 Playing surfaces 79

7.2 Pitch dimensions, layout

and boundaries 85

8 Sports and multi-purpose use 99

8.1 Introduction 99

8.2 National sports traditions 100

8.3 Financial viability 101

8.4 Catering for different sports 103

8.5 Catering for non-sports performances 106

9 Crowd control 107

9.1 General 107

9.2 Perimeter fences 108

9.3 Moats 110

9.4 Changes of level 112

10 Providing for disabled people 115

10.1 Equal treatment 115

10.2 Sources of information 117

10.3 Design process 118

11 Spectator viewing 123

11.1 Introduction 123

11.2 Ground capacity 123

11.3 Viewing distances 128

11.4 Viewing angles and sightlines 132

11.5 Obstructions to viewing 136

12 Spectator seating 137

12.1 Basic decisions 137

12.2 Seat types 139

12.3 Seat materials, fi nishes and colours 141

12.4 Choice 144

12.5 Dimensions 144

12.6 Seat fi xings 145

12.7 Seating for spectators with disabilities

13 Private viewing and facilities 147

13.1 Introduction 147

13.2 Trends 149

13.3 Design 150

13.4 Multi-use 153

14 Circulation 155

14.1 Basic principles 155

14.2 Stadium layout 155

14.3 Access between Zone 5 and Zone 4 156

14.4 Access between Zone 4 and Zone 3 158

14.5 Overall design for inward movement 159

14.6 Overall design for outward movement 163

14.7 Elements 164

14.8 Facilities for people with disabilities 168

15 Food and beverage catering 169

15.1 Introduction 169

15.2 Automatic vending machines 173

15.3 Concessions 174

15.4 Bars 175

15.5 Self-service cafeterias, food

courts and restaurants 176

15.6 Luxury restaurants 177

16 Toilet provision 179

16.1 Toilet provision generally 179

16.2 Toilets for spectators 179

16.3 Scales of provision for spectator

toilets 180

16.4 Location of spectator toilets 183

16.5 Detailed design 184

17 Retail sales and exhibitions 185

17.1 Introduction 185

17.2 Advance ticket sales 185

17.3 Programme sales 186

17.4 Gift and souvenir shops 186

17.5 Museums, visitor centres and stadium tours

18 The media 189

18.1 Basic planning 189

18.2 Outside facilities 190

18.3 Press facilities 191

18.4 Radio broadcast facilities 191

18.5 Television broadcast facilities 192

18.6 Reception, conference and

interview rooms 192

18.7 Provision for disabled people 194

19 Administrative operations 195

19.1 Basic planning 195

19.2 Facilities for permanent

management 196

19.3 Facilities for temporary

events management 199

19.4 Facilities for visitors 199

19.5 Provision for stewards 200

19.6 Facilities for police and security offi cials 200

19.7 Toilets 202

19.8 First aid facilities for staff and spectators 202

19.9 Provision for disabled people 204

20 Facilities for players and offi cials 205

20.1 Basic planning 205

20.2 Players’ facilities 206

20.3 Team management facilities 209

20.4 Offi cials’ facilities 209

20.5 Medical examination facilities 210

20.6 Ancillary facilities 211

20.7 Provision for disabled people 211

21 Services 213

21.1 Lighting systems 213

21.2 Closed-circuit television systems 220

21.3 Sound systems 222

21.4 Heating and cooling systems 226

21.5 Fire detection and fi ghting systems 226

21.6 Water supply and drainage services 226

22 Maintenance 229

22.1 Introduction 229

22.2 Pitch maintenance 229

22.3 Stand maintenance 231

23 Operation and funding 233

23.1 Stadium fi nances 233

23.2 Capital costs 233

23.3 Operating costs 238

23.4 Income generation 239

23.5 Controlling costs and revenues 241

23.6 Conclusion 242

24 Sustainable Design 243

24.1 What is sustainable design? 243

24.2 Environmental considerations 243

24.3 The Olympic Movement and

the environment 245

24.4 Energy use 246

24.5 Lighting 247

24.6 Water heating 248

24.7 Space heating 248

24.8 Ventilation and cooling 249

24.9 Life cycle cost analysis 249

24.10 The environment friendly stadium 250

25 Stadia and tourism 251

25.1 Introduction 251

25.2 Stadia and tourism 251

25.3 The stadium as an attraction 253

25.4 The wider potential 256

Appendix 1 Stadia briefi ng guide 257

Appendix 2 Video screens and electronic scoreboards 261

Appendix 3 Case studies of recent stadia developments 265

Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany 266

Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands 267

Arizona Cardinals Stadium, Phoenix,

Arizona, USA 268

Ascot Racecourse, Berkshire, UK 269

AT&T Park, San Francisco, USA 270

Auf Schalke Arena, Gelsenkirchen, Germany 271

Aveiro Municipal Stadium, Aveiro, Portugal 272

Braga Municipal Stadium, Braga, Portugal 273

BritOval Stadium, London, UK 274

City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester, UK 275

Emirates Stadium, London, UK 276

Estadio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal 277

Heinz Field, Pittsburgh, USA 278

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne,

Australia 279

Melbourne Telstra Dome, Melbourne, Australia 280

Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales, UK 281

Nanjing Sports Park, Nanjing, China 282

Oita Stadium, Oita, Japan 283

PETCO Park, San Diego, California, USA 284

Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas, USA 285

RheinEnergie Football Stadium, Cologne,

Germany 286

Salzburg Stadium, Salzburg, Austria 287

Soldier Field, Chicago, USA 288

Stade de France, Paris, France 289

Stattegg Sports and Leisure Facility, Stattegg,

Graz/Styria, Austria 290

Telstra Stadium, Sydney, Australia 291

Wembley Stadium, London, UK 292

Westpac Stadium, Wellington, New Zealand 293

Wimbledon AELTC Centre Court, London, UK 294

Bibliography 295

Index of architects and engineers 297

Index of stadia and arenas 299

General index 302