Steel-reinforced Concrete Structures Assessment and Repair of Corrosion
CONTENTS:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Corrosion Process
2.3 Black Corrosion
2.4 Pit Formation
2.5 Bacterial Corrosion
2.6 Corrosion Rate
2.7 Summary
Chapter 3 Causes of Corrosion and Concrete Deterioration
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Carbonation
3.3 Spread of Carbonation inside Concrete
3.3.1 Parrott’s Determination of Carbonation Rates from Permeability
3.4 Chloride Attack
3.5 Chloride Movement inside Concrete
3.6 Corrosion Rates
3.6.1 Statistical Analysis for Initiation of Corrosion and Corrosion Rate
3.7 Effect of Age on Concrete Strength
3.7.1 Statistical Analysis of Longtime Concrete Strength
3.7.2 Code Recommendations
3.7.3 Available Statistical Parameters for Concrete Strength Considering Age
3.8 Corrosion’s Effect on Spalling of Concrete Cover
Chapter 4 Assessment Methods for Reinforced Concrete Structures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Preliminary Inspection
4.3 Detailed Inspection
4.4 Methods of Structure Assessment
4.4.1 Visual Inspection
4.4.1.1 Plastic Shrinkage
4.4.1.2 Settlement
4.4.1.3 Shrinkage from Drying
4.4.1.4 Thermal Stresses
4.4.1.5 Chemical Reaction
4.4.2 Concrete Test Data
4.4.2.1 Core Test
4.4.2.2 Rebound Hammer
4.4.2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
4.4.2.4 Load Test for Concrete Members
4.4.2.5 Comparison between Different Tests
4.4.3 Sources of Concrete Failure
4.4.4 Example for Structure Evaluation
4.4.5 Example for Structure Assessment
4.5 Test Methods for Corroded Steel in Concrete
4.5.1 Manual Method
4.5.2 Concrete Cover Measurements
4.5.3 Half-Cell Potential Measurements
4.5.4 Electrical Resistivity Measurement
4.5.5 Measurement of Carbonation Depth
4.5.6 Chloride Tests
4.6 Building Assessment
Chapter 5 Codes and Specification Guides
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Allowable Chloride Content in Concrete
5.3 Concrete Cover Specifications
5.3.1 British Standards
5.3.2 American Codes
5.3.3 European Code
5.3.4 Specifications for Structures Exposed to Very Severe Conditions
5.3.5 Egyptian Code
5.3.6 Executing Concrete Cover
5.4 Maximum Crack Width
5.4.1 Recommended Reinforcement Details of Crack Control
5.5 Design Precautions in Cases of Carbonation
5.6 Design Precautions for Chloride Effects
5.6.1 Effect of the Diffusion Factor on Chloride Permeability
5.6.2 Effect of Chloride Concentration on Surface
5.6.3 Effective Chloride Concentration
5.6.4 Calculating Structure Lifetime
5.6.5 General Design Considerations
Chapter 6 Controlling Corrosion in Steel Bars
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbonation Process Control
6.2.1 Effect of Environmental Conditions
6.2.2 Components of Concrete Mix
6.2.3 Curing
6.3 Chloride Control
6.3.1 Weather Factors Affecting Corrosion
6.3.2 Composition of Concrete Mix
6.3.3 Curing for Chloride Attack
6.3.4 Execution of Curing
6.3.4.1 The Curing Process in ACI
6.3.4.2 British Standard for Curing
6.4 Protecting Special Structures
Chapter 7 Methods for Protecting Steel Reinforcements
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Corrosion Inhibitors
7.2.1 Anodic Inhibitors
7.2.2 Cathodic Inhibitors
7.3 Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcement
7.4 Galvanized Steel Bars
7.5 Stainless Steel
7.6 Fiber Reinforcement Bars
7.7 Protecting the Concrete Surface
7.7.1 Sealers and Membranes
7.7.1.1 Coating and Sealing
7.7.1.2 Pore Lining
7.7.1.3 Pore Blocking
7.7.2 Cathodic Protection by Surface Painting
7.8 Cathodic Protection System
7.8.1 Cathodic Protection
7.8.2 Cathodic Protection Components and Design Consideration
7.8.2.1 Source of Impressed Current
7.8.2.2 Anode System
7.8.2.3 Conductive Layer
7.8.2.4 Precautions in Designing the Anode
7.8.2.5 Follow-Up Precaution
7.8.3 Comparison between Cathodic Protection and Other Types of Protection
7.8.4 Cathodic Protection for Prestressed Concrete
7.8.5 Bond Strength in Cathodic Protection
7.9 Concrete with Silica Fume
Chapter 8 Repair of Reinforced Concrete Structures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Main Steps to Executing Repair
8.2.1 Structure Strengthening
8.2.2 Removing Concrete Cracks
8.2.2.1 Manual Method
8.2.2.2 Pneumatic Hammer Methods
8.2.3 Water Jet
8.2.4 Grinding Machine
8.3 Clean Concrete Surfaces and Steel Reinforcements
8.3.1 Concrete
8.3.2 Clean Steel Reinforcement Bars
8.4 New Patch Concrete
8.4.1 Polymer Mortar
8.4.2 Cement Mortar
8.5 Execution Methods
8.5.1 Manual Method
8.5.2 Grouted Preplaced Aggregate
8.5.3 Shotcrete
8.6 Repair Steps
8.7 New Methods for Strengthening Concrete Structures
8.8 Using Steel Sections
8.9 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
8.9.1 CFRP
8.9.2 Application On-site
8.10 General Precautions
Chapter 9 Risk-Based Maintenance Strategy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Rules of Cost Calculation
9.2.1 Present Value Method
9.2.2 Repair Time
9.2.3 Capacity Loss in Reinforced Concrete Sections
9.3 Example
9.3.1 Required Time to Start of Corrosion
9.3.2 Time Required to Start of Deterioration
9.3.3 Cost Analysis for Different Protection Methods
9.4 Repair and Inspection Strategy and Optimization
9.4.1 Repair
9.4.2 Expected Total Cost
9.4.3 Optimization Strategy
9.5 Maintenance Plan
9.5.1 Assessment Process
9.5.2 Risk-Based Inspection Maintenance Plan. Assessment and Repair of Corrosion
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