Basic Civil Engineering – BHAVIKATTI (TCE0002)

Basic Civil Engineering – BHAVIKATTI, CONTENTS (Nội dung tài liệu):

UNIT – I: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

1        TRADITIONAL MATERIALS

1.1     Stones 3

1.2     Bricks 11

1.3     Lime 16

1.4     Cement 18

1.5     Timber 23

2        MORTARS

2.1     Sand 33

2.2     Cement Mortar 34

2.3     Lime Mortar 35

2.4     Mud Mortar 36

2.5     Special Mortar 37

2.6     Tests on Mortar 37

3        CONCRETE

3.1     Plain Concrete 39

3.2     Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) 49

3.3     Reinforced Brick Concrete (RBC) 50

3.4     Prestressed Concrete (PSC) 50

3.5     Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) 51

3.6     Cellular Concrete 52

3.7     Ferro-Cement 52 Questions 53

4        METALS AS BUILDING MATERIALS

4.1     Ferrous Metals 55

4.2     Aluminium 57

4.3. Copper 58 Questions 58

5        MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING MATERIALS

5.1     Glass 59

5.2     Plastics 60

5.3     Bitumen 62

5.4     Asbestos 62

5.5     Paints 63

5.6     Distempers 65

5.7     Varnishes 65

5.8     Solid and Hollow Concrete Blocks 66

5.9     Roofing and Flooring Tiles 67 Questions 68

UNIT – II: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

6        BUILDING PLANNING

6.1     Elements of a Building 73

6.2     Basic Requirements of a Building 76

6.3     Planning 77

6.4     Planning Suitable Orientation 77

6.5     Planning for Energy Efficiency 78

6.6     Planning for Suitable Utility 78

6.7     Planning for Meeting Other Requirements 79

7        FOUNDATIONS

7.1     Dimensions of Foundation 82

7.2     Conventional Spread Footings 83

7.3     R.C.C. Footings 84

7.4     Grillage Footing 86

7.5     Arch Foundation 87

7.6     Pile Foundations 87

7.7     Foundations in Black Cotton Soil 89 Questions 91

8        SUPER STRUCTURES

8.1     Types of Super Structures Based on the Method of Load Transfer 92

8.2     Walls 93

8.3     Stone Masonry 94

8.4     Brick Masonry 97

8.5     Plastering 100

8.6     Pointing 101

8.7     Flooring 101

8.8     Roof 105

8.9     Doors and Windows 113

8.10    Lintels 122

8.11    Stairs 123 Questions 126

9        DAMPNESS AND ITS PREVENTION

9.1     Causes of Dampness 128

9.2     Ill-Effects of Dampness 129

9.3     Requirements of an Ideal Material for Damp Proofing 129

9.4     Materials for Damp Proofing 130

9.5     Methods of Damp Proofing 130 Questions 132

10      COST EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN MASS HOUSING SCHEMES

10.1    Minimum Standards 133

10.2    Approach to Cost Effective Mass Housing Schemes 134

10.3    Cost Effective Construction Techniques 135 Questions 135

UNIT – III: SURVEYING

11      INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

11.1    Object and Uses of Surveying 139

11.2    Primary Divisions in Surveying 140

11.3    Fundamental Principles of Surveying 141

11.4    Classification of Surveying 142

11.5    Plans and Maps 143

11.6    Scales 144

11.7    Types of Graphical Scales 145

11.8    Units of Measurements 148

12      LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND CHAIN SURVEYING

12.1    Methods of Linear Measurements 149

12.2    Instruments used in Chaining 154

12.3    Chain Surveying 156

12.4    Ranging 162

12.5    Obstacles in Chaining 163

12.6    Errors in Chaining 167

12.7    Tape Corrections 168

12.8    Conventional Symbols 173 Questions 175

13      COMPASS SURVEYING

13.1    Types of Compass 176

13.2    Method of Using a Compass 180

13.3    Bearing 180

13.4    Whole Circle Bearing and Reduced Bearing 180

13.5    Computation of Angles 182

13.6    Declination and DIP 184

13.7    Local Attraction 187

13.8    Chain and Compass Surveying Field Work 190 Questions 193

14      PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

14.1    Plane Table and its Accessories 195

14.2    Working Operations 198

14.3    Methods of Plane Tabling 199

14.4    Errors in Plane Table Surveying 206

14.5    Advantages and Limitations of Plane Table Survey 207 Questions 207

15      LEVEL AND LEVELLING

15.1    Object and Uses of Levelling 209

15.2    Terms Used in Levelling 209

15.3    Levelling Instruments 211

15.4    Levelling Staff 213

15.5    Methods of Levelling 214

15.6    Terms Used in Direct Method of Levelling 215

15.7    Temporary Adjustments of a Level 216

15.8    Types of Direct Levelling 217

16      MODERN TOOLS OF SURVEYING

16.1    Theodolite 226

16.2    Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instruments 231

16.3    Total Station 233

16.4    Global Positioning System 235 Questions 236

UNIT – IV: MAPPING AND SENSING

17      MAPPING AND CONTOURING

17.1    Mapping 239

17.2    Contours 241

17.3    Methods of Contouring 243

18      AREAS AND VOLUMES

18.1    Computation of Areas from Field Notes 247

18.2    Computing Areas from Maps 252

18.3    Computation of Volumes 256

19      REMOTE SENSING AND ITS APPLICATIONS

19.1    Remote sensing 266

19.2    Geographical Information System (GIS) 267

UNIT – V: DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDING

20      DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDINGS

20.1    Earthquakes Resistant Buildings 271

20.2    Types of Earthquakes 271

20.3    Terminology 272

20.4    Magnitude and Intensity 273

20.5    Seismograph 273

20.6    I.S: Codes on Earthquake Resistant Building Design 274

20.7    Improving Earthquake Resistance of Small Buildings 274

20.8    Improving Earthquake Resistance of Tall Buildings 276

20.9    Cyclone Resistant Buildings 278

20.10  Fire Resistant Building 279

21      DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

21.1    Disaster Prevention Strategy 282

21.2    Early Warning System 283

21.3    Disaster Preparedness 283

21.4    Disaster Mitigation 284

21.5    Disaster Rescue and Relief Measures 284

21.6    Disaster Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 285 Questions 285

22      INDIAN STANDARD CODES

22.1    IS Codes for Building Design 286

22.2    IS Codes for Building Materials and Construction 287 Questions 287