Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings to Eurocode 8, CONTENTS:
1 Introduction
1.1 Seismic design of concrete buildings in the context of Eurocodes
1.2 Seismic design of concrete buildings in this book
1.3 Seismic performance requirements for buildings in Eurocode 8
1.3.1 Life safety under a rare earthquake: The ‘design seismic action’ and the ‘seismic design situation’
1.3.2 Limitation of damage in occasional earthquakes
2 Earthquakes and their structural and geotechnical effects
2.1 Introduction to earthquakes
2.1.1 Measure of earthquake characteristics: Magnitudes
2.1.2 Characteristics of ground motions
2.1.3 Determination of ground motion parameters
2.1.4 Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses
2.2 Effects of earthquakes on concrete buildings
2.2.1 Global seismic response mechanisms
2.2.2 Collapse 21
2.2.3 Member behaviour and failure
2.3 Effects of earthquakes on geotechnical structures
2.3.1 Site effects 29
2.3.2 Soil liquefaction 31
2.3.3 Slope stability 34
2.4 Earthquake effects on shallow foundations 35
2.5 Earthquake effects on lifelines 37
3 Analysis of building structures for seismic actions
3.1 Linear elastic analysis
3.1.1 Dynamics of single degree of freedom systems 43
3.1.2 Seismic response of SDOF systems – Response spectrum 52
3.1.3 Elastic response spectra according to Eurocode 8 57
3.1.4 Dynamics of multiple degrees of freedom systems 61
3.1.5 Modal response spectrum analysis 65
3.1.6 Lateral force method 72
3.1.7 Combination of seismic action components 73
3.1.8 Accidental torsion 74
3.1.9 Equivalent SDOF systems 75
3.1.10 Modelling 77
3.1.11 Elastic stiffness for linear analysis 79
3.1.12 Second-order effects in linear analysis 80
3.2 Behaviour factor 81
3.2.1 Introduction 81
3.2.2 The physical background of behaviour factors 81
3.2.3 The ductility-dependent factor qμ 85
3.2.4 The overstrength factor qs 85
3.2.5 Implementation in Eurocode 8 86
3.2.6 Use of reduction factors for MDOF structures 88
3.3 Non-linear analysis 90
3.3.1 Equation of motion for non-linear structural systems and non-linear time-history analysis 90
3.3.2 Pushover-based methods 91
3.3.2.1 Pushover analysis 91
3.3.2.2 Transformation to an equivalent SDOF system 92
3.3.2.3 Idealisation of the pushover curve 94
3.3.2.4 Seismic demand 95
3.3.2.5 Performance evaluation (damage analysis) 98
3.3.2.6 Influence of higher modes 99
3.3.2.7 Discussion of pushover-based methods 102
3.3.3 Modelling 104
4 Conceptual design of concrete buildings for earthquake resistance
4.1 Principles of seismic design: Inelastic response and ductility demand 119
4.2 General principles of conceptual seismic design 121
4.2.1 The importance of conceptual design 121
4.2.2 Structural simplicity 121
4.2.3 Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy 121
4.2.4 Bi-directional resistance and stiffness 123
4.2.5 Torsional resistance and stiffness 123
4.2.6 Diaphragmatic behaviour at storey level 124
4.2.7 Adequate foundation 126
4.3 Regularity and irregularity of building structures 126
4.3.1 Introduction 126
4.3.2 Criteria for irregularity or regularity in plan 128
4.3.3 Implications of irregularity in plan 137
4.3.3.1 Implications of regularity for the analysis model 137
4.3.3.2 Implications of irregularity in plan for the behaviour factor q 138
4.3.4 Irregularity and regularity in elevation 139
4.3.5 Design implications of irregularity in elevation 140
4.3.5.1 Implications of regularity for the analysis method 140
4.3.5.2 Implications of regularity in elevation for the behaviour factor q 141
4.4 Structural systems of concrete buildings and their components 141
4.4.1 Introduction 141
4.4.2 Ductile walls and wall systems 142
4.4.2.1 Concrete walls as vertical cantilevers 142
4.4.2.2 What distinguishes a wall from a column? 143
4.4.2.3 Conceptual design of wall systems 144
4.4.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of walls for earthquake resistance 145
4.4.3 Moment-resisting frames of beams and columns 146
4.4.3.1 Special features of the seismic behaviour of frames: The role of beam–column connections
4.4.3.2 Conceptual design of RC frames for earthquake resistance 147
4.4.3.3 Advantages and drawbacks of frames for earthquake resistance 149
4.4.4 Dual systems of frames and walls 150
4.4.4.1 Behaviour and classification per Eurocode 8 150
4.4.4.2 Conceptual design of dual systems 152
4.4.5 Foundations and foundation systems for buildings 152
4.5 The capacity design concept 153
4.5.1 The rationale 153
4.5.2 The role of a stiff and strong vertical spine in the building 154
4.5.3 Capacity design in the context of detailed design for earthquake resistance 156
4.6 Ductility classification 156
4.6.1 Ductility as an alternative to strength 156
4.6.2 Ductility classes in Eurocode 8 157
4.6.2.1 Ductility Class L (low): Use and behaviour factor 157
4.6.2.2 Ductility Classes M (medium) and H (high) and their use 158
4.6.3 Behaviour factor of DC M and H buildings
4.7 The option of ‘secondary seismic elements’
5 Detailed seismic design of concrete buildings
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Sequence of operations in the detailed design for earthquake resistance
5.1.2 Material partial factors in ultimate limit state dimensioning of members
5.2 Sizing of frame members
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Sizing of beams
5.2.3 Sizing the columns
5.2.3.1 Introduction
5.2.3.2 Upper limit on normalised axial load in columns
5.2.3.3 Column size for anchorage of beam bars in beam–column joints
5.2.3.4 Sizing of columns to meet the slenderness limits in Eurocode 2
5.3 Detailed design of beams in flexure 186
5.3.1 Dimensioning of the beam longitudinal reinforcement for the ULS in flexure
5.3.2 Detailing of beam longitudinal reinforcement 188
5.3.3 Serviceability requirements in Eurocode 2: Impact on beam longitudinal reinforcement
5.3.4 Beam moment resistance at the end sections 194
5.4 Detailed design of columns in flexure 195
5.4.1 Strong column–weak beam capacity design 195
5.4.2 Dimensioning of column vertical reinforcement for action effects from the analysis
5.4.3 Calculation of the column moment resistance for given reinforcement and axial load
5.5 Detailed design of beams and columns in shear 204
5.5.1 Capacity design shears in beams or columns 204
5.5.2 Dimensioning of beams for the ULS in shear 208
5.5.3 Special rules for seismic design of critical regions in DC H beams for the ULS in shear
5.5.4 Dimensioning of columns for the ULS in shear 211
5.6 Detailed design of ductile walls in flexure and shear 213
5.6.1 Design of ductile walls in flexure 213
5.6.2 Design of ductile walls in shear 219
5.7 Detailing for ductility 224
5.7.1 ‘Critical regions’ in ductile members 224
5.7.2 Material requirements 225
5.7.3 Curvature ductility demand in ‘critical regions’ 226
5.7.4 Upper and lower limit on longitudinal reinforcement ratio of primary beams 227
5.7.5 Confining reinforcement in ‘critical regions’ of primary columns 228
5.7.6 Confinement of ‘boundary elements’ at the edges of a wall section 230
5.7.7 Confinement of wall or column sections with more than one rectangular part 232
5.8 Dimensioning for vectorial action effects due to concurrent seismic action components
5.8.1 General approaches 233
5.8.2 Implications for the column axial force values in capacity design calculations 234
5.9 ‘Secondary seismic elements’ 235
5.9.1 Special design requirements for ‘secondary’ members and implications for the analysis
5.9.2 Verification of ‘secondary’ members in the seismic design situation 236
5.9.3 Modelling of ‘secondary’ members in the analysis 237
6 Design of foundations and foundation elements
6.1 Importance and influence of soil–structure interaction 265
6.2 Verification of shallow foundations 271
6.2.1 Three design approaches in EN 1990 and EC7 271
6.2.2 Verifications in the ‘seismic design situation’ 273
6.2.3 Estimation and verification of settlements 273
6.2.4 Verification of sliding capacity 275
6.2.5 Foundation uplift 276
6.2.6 Bearing capacity of the foundation 276
6.3 Design of concrete elements in shallow foundations 278
6.3.1 Shallow foundation systems in earthquake-resistant buildings 278
6.3.2 Capacity design of foundations 281
6.3.3 Design of concrete foundation elements: Scope 284
6.3.4 Distribution of soil pressures for the ULS design of concrete foundation elements
6.3.5 Verification of footings in shear 287
6.3.6 Design of the footing reinforcement 291
6.3.7 Verification of footings in punching shear 294
6.3.8 Design and detailing of tie-beams and foundation beams 298
7 Design example: Multistorey building
7.1 Geometry and design parameters 315
7.2 Modelling for the analysis 318
7.2.1 General modelling 319
7.2.2 Modelling of the foundation and the soil 319
7.2.3 Modelling of perimeter foundation walls 322
7.3 Analysis 323
7.3.1 Fraction of base shear taken by the walls: Basic value of behaviour factor 323
7.3.2 Possible reduction of behaviour factor due to irregularity in elevation or squat walls
7.3.3 Torsional flexibility and regularity in plan: Final value of the behaviour factor 324
7.3.4 Lateral-force analysis procedure 326
7.3.5 Multi-modal response spectrum analysis: Periods, mode shapes, participating masses
7.3.6 Accidental eccentricity and its effects 328
7.4 Seismic displacements from the analysis and their utilisation 329
7.4.1 Inter-storey drifts under the damage limitation seismic action 329
7.4.2 Second-order effects 329
7.5 Member internal forces from the analyses 330
7.5.1 Seismic action effects 330
7.5.2 Action effects of gravity loads 349
7.6 Detailed design of members 349
7.6.1 Introduction 349
7.6.2 Detailed design sequence 358
Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings to Eurocode 8
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